An RF signal applied to a piezo-electric transducer, bonded to a suitable crystal, will generate an acoustic wave. This acts like a “phase grating”, traveling through the crystal at the acoustic velocity of the material and with an acoustic wavelength dependent on the frequency of the RF signal. Any incident laser beam will be diffracted by this grating, generally giving a number of diffracted beams.

Raman Nath Diffraction Center
Raman Nath Diffraction Pattern
Raman Nath Diffraction Experiment
Raman Nath Diffraction Definition
Raman Nath Diffraction Theory
Raman Nath Diffraction Analysis

Interaction conditions

A parameter called the “quality factor, Q”, determines the interaction regime. Q is given by:

where is the wavelength of the laser beam, n is the refractive index of the crystal, L is the distance the laser beam travels through the acoustic wave and is the acoustic wavelength.

Q<<1 :This is the Raman-Nath regime. The laser beam is incident roughly normal to the acoustic beam and there are several diffraction orders (..-2 -1 0 1 2 3..) with intensities given by Bessel functions.

Q>>1 : This is the Bragg regime. At one particular incidence angle , only one diffraction order is produced - the others are annihilated by destructive interference.

In the intermediate situation, an analytical treatment isn't possible and a numerical analysis would need to be performed by computer.

Most acousto-optic devices operate in the Bragg regime, the common exception being acousto-optic mode lockers and Q-switches.

Wave vectors constructions

The ideal Raman-Nath diffraction slightly deviated when the Klein Cook parameter was increased from 0 to 1 for low phase delay values and for large phase delay, the characteristics of the Bessel function disappeared. Higher value of Klein Cook parameter gave Bragg diffraction and ideal Bragg diffraction was obtained for Q 100. In 1922, Indian physicist C. Raman published his work on the 'Molecular Diffraction of Light', the first of a series of investigations with his collaborators that ultimately led to his discovery (on 28 February 1928) of the radiation effect that bears his name. In 1922, Indian physicist C. Raman published his work on the 'Molecular Diffraction of Light', the first of a series of investigations with his collaborators that ultimately led to his discovery (on 28 February 1928) of the radiation effect that bears his name. Gain-assisted PT antisymmetry allows us to realize lop-sided Raman–Nath diffraction with high diffraction efficiency at the exception point. It is shown that the nontrivial phenomenon originates from non-Hermitian degeneracy of PT antisymmetry.

$Diffraction$ $Raman Nath Diffraction$

An acousto-optic interaction can be described using wave vectors. Momentum conservation gives us

- wave vector of the incident beam.
- wave vector of the diffracted beam.
- wave vector of the acoustic wave.

Here F is the frequency of the acoustic wave traveling at velocity v. n_i and n_d are the refractive indexes experienced by the incident and diffracted beams (these are not necessarily the same).

Energy conservation leads to : F_d = F_i +/- F

So, the optical frequency of the diffracted beam is by an amount equal to the frequency of the acoustic wave. This “Doppler shift” can generally be neglected since F<<F_d or F_i, but can be of great interest in heterodyning applications.

Acousto-optic components use a range of different materials in a variety of configurations. These can be heard described by terms such as longitudinal- and shear-mode, isotropic and anisotropic. While these all share the basic principles of momentum and energy conservation, these different modes of operation have very different performances - as shall be seen.

Characteristics of the diffracted light
Isotropic Interactions

An isotropic interaction is also referred to as a longitudinal-mode interaction. In such a situation, the acoustic wave travels longitudinally in the crystal and the incident and diffracted laser beams see the same refractive index. This is a situation of great symmetry and the angle of incidence is found to match the angle of diffraction. There is no change in polarization associated with the interaction.
These interactions usually occur in homogenous crystals, or in birefringent crystals cut appropriately.

In the isotropic situation, the angle of incidence of the light must be equal to the Bragg angle, :

where is the wavelength inside the crystal, v is the acoustic velocity and F is the RF frequency.

The separation angle between the first order and zero order beams is twice the angle of incidence and, therefore, twice the Bragg angle.

The diffracted light intensity I₁ is directly controlled by the acoustic power P Colt diamondback serial number guide.

Here I₀ is the incident light intensity, M₂ is the acousto-optic figure of merit for the crystal and H and L are the height and length of the acoustic beam. is the wavelength of the incident beam.

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Diffraction efficiency (relative) is the ratio I₁/I₀: New intel processors for mac.

For a given orientation, if the RF frequency is slightly different from that required to match the Bragg criterion, diffraction will still occur. However, the diffraction efficiency will drop. The situation is shown in the figure below, where the acoustic wave-vector, K, is longer than the ideal “Bragg” wave-vector, K₀.

A complicated analysis leads to the result:

where and is called the “phase asynchronism”.

In the isotropic case :

At the correct Bragg frequency, and efficiency is maximum
When increases, diffraction efficiency decreases and will continue to decrease down to zero.
If there is a lower limit on the acceptable diffraction efficiency, then this puts a limit on . This, in turn, implies a maximum - and defines the RF bandwidth for the device.
To increase this RF bandwidth, the ratio (the acoustic divergence) can be increased.
As the RF frequency varies, the diffracted beam's direction changes. This is the basis behind acousto-optic deflectors.

Anisotropic interaction
In an anisotropic interaction, on the other hand, the refractive indexes of the incident and diffracted be